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Union Budget 2025: Analysis of its impact on India's economy

The Union Budget 2025, presented on February 1st, introduces significant changes in tax structures, infrastructure development, and sector-specific reforms. This article explores the budget's implications for various sectors, including real estate, stock markets, personal finance, and income tax, providing a balanced critique of its potential benefits and challenges.

What are the key tax reforms introduced in the Union Budget 2025?

The Union Budget 2025 has ushered in a series of tax reforms aimed at alleviating the tax burden on individuals and stimulating economic growth. The revised tax slabs under the new regime are as follows:

  • Income up to ₹4 lakh: No tax
  • ₹4 lakh to ₹8 lakh: 5%
  • ₹8 lakh to ₹12 lakh: 10%
  • ₹12 lakh to ₹16 lakh: 15%
  • ₹16 lakh to ₹20 lakh: 20%
  • ₹20 lakh to ₹24 lakh: 25%
  • Above ₹24 lakh: 30%
Union Budget 2025: Analysis of Its Impact on India's economy

Notably, the government has increased the tax rebate threshold for incomes up to ₹12 lakh (₹12.75 lakh with standard deduction), up from the previous ₹7 lakh. This means individuals earning up to ₹12.75 lakh will not be liable to pay any income tax. Additionally, the basic exemption limit has been raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹4 lakh, providing further relief to taxpayers.

How does the Budget impact the real estate sector?

The real estate sector stands to gain from several provisions in the Union Budget 2025. The reclassification of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is particularly noteworthy:

  • Micro Enterprises: Investment limit increased to ₹2.5 crore (previously ₹1 crore)
  • Small Enterprises: Investment limit raised to ₹25 crore (previously ₹10 crore)
  • Medium Enterprises: Investment limit elevated to ₹125 crore (previously ₹50 crore)

This reclassification is anticipated to bolster the construction and ancillary industries, as many real estate developers and contractors fall under the MSME category. The enhanced investment limits could lead to increased project capacities and improved access to credit.

Prashant Sharma, President, NAREDCO Maharashtra

"The Union Budget 2025-26 has emphasized economic growth and inclusive development, but the absence of specific measures for the real estate sector is a missed opportunity. While the ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund is a step in the right direction to transform cities into growth hubs, the sector was expecting direct incentives such as industry status, single-window clearances, and increased tax benefits for homebuyers.

The increase in the income tax exemption limit to ₹12 lakh per year is a significant relief for the middle class. This will not only improve disposable incomes but also provide a much-needed boost to affordable and mid-income housing projects, encouraging homeownership. Moreover, the rationalization of TDS and the relief provided to the middle class through tax reductions will further boost spending power, indirectly benefiting housing demand.

A notable highlight is the progress under SWAMIH which has completed 50,000 homes in stressed projects and will deliver 40,000 more in 2025, easing financial strain on homebuyers. The ₹15,000 crore SWAMIH Fund 2 will accelerate the completion of another one lakh homes, benefiting middle-class families and boosting market sentiment.

Additionally, the announcement of a new Fund of Funds (FoF) with an expanded scope and fresh contribution of ₹10,000 crore will have a spillover effect on the start-up ecosystem and may drive innovation in PropTech, enhancing technology-driven solutions in real estate and improving efficiency in project execution and homebuying experiences.

However, we urge the government to consider targeted interventions to address liquidity concerns, expedite approvals, and create a more robust framework for real estate investments.”

Rohan Khatau, Director, CCI Projects

"The increased infrastructure spending and PPP initiatives are welcome moves that will facilitate urban development. However, the real estate sector was expecting much-needed reforms in stamp duty rationalization, higher home loan interest deductions, and incentives for rental housing. While the rationalization of TDS and higher exemptions for the middle class will provide liquidity, a more direct stimulus to the sector could have accelerated investment and demand. We hope the government considers mid-year policy interventions to support real estate growth."

Vikas Sutaria, Founder, Irah Lifespace

"The budget once again misses the opportunity to introduce dedicated incentives for NRIs and HNIs, who play a crucial role in the luxury housing segment. Streamlining taxation policies and easing investment norms for these investors could have significantly boosted investments in this segment. The rationalization of TDS and tax relief for the middle class will improve disposable incomes, indirectly benefiting housing demand. The Urban Challenge Fund will help in urban renewal, but specific measures to encourage luxury and second-home investments were needed. While the government’s commitment to infrastructure and PPP-driven development is commendable, the lack of direct incentives for real estate is disappointing."

Shraddha Kedia-Agarwal, Director, Transcon Developers

"The budget reinforces the government’s vision for ‘Viksit Bharat’ and economic growth, yet the real estate sector was hoping for direct incentives such as industry status and tax rebates for developers and homebuyers. The Urban Challenge Fund and infrastructure-focused PPP projects will aid urban development, while the allocation for urban development is expected to catalyze growth in housing and commercial projects. Although the middle-class tax relief will support consumer spending, a comprehensive housing policy was required to address supply and demand challenges in the sector."

Mr Samyak Jain, Director, Siddha Group

"The Union Budget 2025 marks a pivotal moment for the real estate sector, ushering in a new era of opportunity for homebuyers and developers alike. The revamped tax structure will enhance disposable incomes, empowering the middle class—especially the rising aspirational segment—to invest in homeownership with greater confidence. We anticipate a surge in housing demand, fueled by increased consumer spending power and long-term savings. This progressive move is set to accelerate industry growth, driving economic activity and strengthening the real estate landscape. The expanding middle class presents a significant opportunity for the sector, reinforcing the need for accessible, high-quality housing solutions. We remain optimistic about the transformative impact this will have on the industry. The Urban Challenge Fund is also a welcome move."

Abhishek Jain, COO, Satellite Developers Private Limited (SDPL)

"The budget's focus on infrastructure and PPP-driven urban transformation is a positive step, but the real estate industry was expecting more direct support. The rationalization of TDS and tax benefits for the middle class will improve disposable incomes, which could have an indirect positive impact on housing demand. However, critical issues such as liquidity constraints, high taxation, and policy bottlenecks remain unaddressed. A more comprehensive real estate policy would have further accelerated sectoral growth."

Furthermore, the government's proposal to allocate ₹1.5 lakh crore for capital expenditure through 50-year interest-free loans to states is expected to stimulate infrastructure development. This move could have a cascading effect on the real estate market, leading to the development of new residential and commercial projects, thereby boosting the sector.

Robin Arya, smallcase manager and Founder at GoalFi

“The Union Budget 2025-26 introduces several structural and fiscal measures aimed at economic growth, financial inclusion, and tax simplification. The rationalization of income tax slabs, with zero tax liability up to ₹12 lakh under the new regime, directly enhances disposable income and investor participation in financial markets. The proposed reduction in TDS complexities, increased deduction limits for senior citizens (₹1 lakh) and rent (₹6 lakh), and the removal of TCS on education loans further streamline tax compliance.

The focus on MSMEs, capital markets, and fintech is expected to improve capital allocation efficiency, while the government’s fiscal consolidation efforts, targeting a 4.4% fiscal deficit for FY26, signal macroeconomic stability.

In the financial sector, the increase in FDI limits for insurance from 74% to 100%, along with the planned rollout of a revamped Central KYC Registry, will facilitate deeper financial penetration. Additionally, ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund and ₹20,000 crore Nuclear Energy Mission highlight the push for infrastructure and energy transition.

The government’s emphasis on enhancing digital public infrastructure, expanding fintech capabilities, and improving capital market efficiency aligns with the broader goal of fostering a transparent, investor-friendly ecosystem.

We recognize these policy measures as critical to strengthening India’s investment landscape. The budget reflects a clear direction toward financial sector modernization, and we remain committed to leveraging these changes to enhance investor access to structured, data-driven investment opportunities.”

What is the anticipated effect on the stock markets?

The Union Budget 2025 has elicited mixed reactions from the stock markets. The introduction of personal tax cuts is expected to enhance disposable incomes, potentially increasing consumer spending. This development has been positively received by Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies, with shares in this sector experiencing gains.

Rajesh Shah, Chairman & Managing Director of Euro Panel Products Limited, believes the inroads made at the Union Budget 2025 uniquely positions the Indian manufacturing, construction and building materials industries for robust growth, “The introduction of the National Manufacturing Mission will provide critical policy support to various industries, reinforcing India's commitment to becoming a global manufacturing leader. Also, the setup of Urban Challenge fund worth INR 1 lakh crore to redevelop cities positions the building materials and construction industry in a favourable position. The emphasis of each infra ministry to come up with a 3-year list of PPP projects will be an era-appropriate move, furthering the National Manufacturing Mission and Make in India initiatives. These will enable industry stakeholders to scale operations, enhance efficiency, and drive innovation — directly translating to India attracting greater investments, creating high-value jobs, strengthening supply chains and boosting exports.”

Conversely, the budget's focus on capital expenditure and infrastructure development has led to a modest increase in spending in these areas. However, some infrastructure firms have faced declines, possibly due to concerns about the execution of these projects and the associated fiscal implications.

Rishi Anand, MD & CEO, Aadhar Housing Finance Limited

“Spurring urban development is one of the key priorities of the government and the Union Budget lays strong emphasis on this point. With the introduction of the Rs. 1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund, coupled with the continued success of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-U), the government is reinforcing its commitment towards enhancing urban infrastructure. Additionally, the significant tax relief measures proposed for the middle class will help in augmenting the disposable income and drive consumption across sectors including housing. At Aadhar Housing Finance, we are excited to align with these progressive steps, thereby strengthening our support towards the government's vision of creating Cities as Growth Hubs,”

The stock market's response underscores the importance of effective implementation of the budget's proposals to instill investor confidence and ensure sustainable economic growth.

Arvind Kothari, smallcase Manager and Founder of Niveshaay


“The Union Budget 2025 reflects the government’s commitment to balancing fiscal discipline with growth-oriented reforms, aiming to support India’s economic recovery amid global uncertainties. With a projected GDP growth of 6.3–6.8% for FY26 and a fiscal deficit target of 4.4% (down from 4.8%), the budget strikes a prudent balance between fiscal consolidation and economic expansion.

A key highlight is the continued emphasis on capital expenditure (capex), with an allocation of ₹11.21 trillion for FY26, up from the revised estimate of ₹10.18 trillion in FY25. The effective capex, including grants for capital asset creation, is pegged at ₹15.48 trillion, reinforcing the government’s focus on infrastructure development as a key growth driver. This sustained investment is expected to create a multiplier effect across sectors like construction, real estate, and industrial manufacturing, aligning with our exposure to infrastructure-linked investments.

The 2025-26 budget emphasizes a cleaner, stronger power sector, crucial for "Viksit Bharat." It incentivizes power distribution reforms and transmission capacity improvements while aggressively pursuing nuclear energy, targeting 100GW by 2047 and promoting Small Modular Reactors. Support for domestic clean tech manufacturing, including solar, EV batteries, and wind turbines, aims to boost self-reliance. While the focus on large-scale projects is evident, further clarity on incentives for distributed renewable energy like rooftop solar is needed for a complete picture of India's green energy strategy.

The budget’s underlying theme also seems to promote consumerism and boost domestic demand. This is evident through measures like income tax relief for the middle class, which increases disposable income, encouraging higher spending. Additionally, the modified UDAN scheme and the plan to develop 50 key tourist destinations aim to improve regional connectivity and tourism, indirectly boosting sectors like hospitality, retail, and local businesses. Combined, these initiatives are designed to stimulate consumption, drive economic activity, and create employment opportunities.

Overall, Budget 2025 presents a growth-friendly framework that complements our growth across key sectors like infrastructure, and consumer-driven businesses, fostering long-term value creation in a stable macroeconomic environment.”

How does the budget influence personal finance and income tax?

The revised tax slabs and increased rebate thresholds are poised to have a significant impact on personal finance. Individuals earning up to ₹12.75 lakh annually will benefit from zero tax liability, resulting in substantial savings. For instance, a person with an annual income of ₹18 lakh is expected to save ₹70,000 in taxes, while someone earning ₹25 lakh could save ₹1,10,000.

These tax savings are likely to boost household consumption, encourage savings, and promote investments in various financial instruments. The increased disposable income may also lead to higher demand in sectors such as real estate, automobiles, and consumer goods, thereby stimulating economic activity.

Rajesh Shah, Chairman & Managing Director,Euro Panel Products Limited, believes the inroads made at the Union Budget 2025 uniquely positions the Indian manufacturing, construction and building materials industries for robust growth, “The introduction of the National Manufacturing Mission will provide critical policy support to various industries, reinforcing India's commitment to becoming a global manufacturing leader. Also, the setup of Urban Challenge fund worth INR 1 lakh crore to redevelop cities positions the building materials and construction industry in a favourable position. The emphasis of each infra ministry to come up with a 3-year list of PPP projects will be an era-appropriate move, furthering the National Manufacturing Mission and Make in India initiatives. These will enable industry stakeholders to scale operations, enhance efficiency, and drive innovation — directly translating to India attracting greater investments, creating high-value jobs, strengthening supply chains and boosting export"

Karthick jonagadla, smallcase manager and Founder & CEO of Quantace Research


“The Union Budget 2025 has introduced tax relief measures to support the middle class, particularly through revised income tax slabs. Individuals earning up to ₹12.75 lakh will now enjoy a 0% income tax rate, with rates progressively increasing to 30% for incomes above ₹24 lakh. This adjustment is expected to benefit a substantial portion of taxpayers, boosting disposable income and driving consumer spending.

The estimated total tax revenue forgone due to these changes stands at approximately ₹1.5 lakh crore, which includes targeted exemptions in healthcare and agriculture. Despite these concessions, the government remains committed to fiscal prudence, maintaining a fiscal deficit target of 4.8% of GDP for FY 2024-25. This responsible approach ensures that central government debt continues its downward trajectory, reducing from 59.3% in 2023-24 to 58.5% in 2024-25.

Additionally, the budget projects a nominal growth of 10.5% in Total Receipts (excluding borrowings), reaching approximately ₹31.47 lakh crore for the upcoming fiscal year. In a notable reform, the FDI limit in the insurance sector has been raised from 74% to 100%, aiming to attract greater foreign investment and foster competition within this crucial industry. Furthermore, the government is expected to proceed with strategic disinvestment in public sector undertakings (PSUs), reinforcing its commitment to long-term fiscal sustainability. The government's disciplined approach to balancing economic growth with fiscal responsibility is commendable.”

What are the potential challenges and criticisms of the budget?

While the Union Budget 2025 introduces several progressive measures, it is not without criticisms. Some industry leaders have expressed concerns about constrained revenue growth despite the emphasis on capital expenditure. The lack of a clear roadmap for fiscal consolidation has also been a point of contention.

Additionally, the real estate sector has voiced disappointment over the absence of industry status and a national rental housing policy. These omissions are seen as missed opportunities to address long-standing challenges in the sector.

Moreover, while the increase in the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit for the insurance sector from 74% to 100% is a welcome move, it raises concerns about potential overexposure to foreign entities and the need for robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard domestic interests.

The Union Budget 2025 presents a balanced approach to stimulating economic growth through tax reforms, infrastructure development, and support for key sectors. While it offers significant benefits, particularly in terms of tax relief and investment in infrastructure, it also faces criticisms regarding revenue generation and sector-specific policies. The true impact of the budget will hinge on effective implementation and the government's ability to address the concerns raised by various stakeholders.

Dhiren Jatakia, Head Accounts & Finance Covestro (India)

"The budget paves the way for sustainable growth, innovation, and a stronger manufacturing ecosystem in India. With key reforms in the power sector, MSME support, and maritime development, the budget fosters a business-friendly environment that enhances competitiveness on a global scale. It has touch based some key areas like transfer pricing, R&D, Tax etc. Covestro (India) applauds the government’s commitment to boost to manufacturing and long term economic development and looks forward to contributing through our social growth."

Frequently asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. How will the revised tax slabs benefit the middle class?
    The revised tax slabs offer significant relief to the middle class, particularly with the increased rebate threshold for incomes up to ₹12.75 lakh. This means a larger proportion of the salaried class will pay little to no tax, leading to increased disposable income and higher savings.

  2. What impact will the budget have on the real estate sector?
    The budget’s focus on capital expenditure and infrastructure development will boost real estate growth. However, the absence of industry status for real estate and rental housing policies has disappointed some stakeholders.

  3. Will the stock market react positively to this budget?
    Stock markets have responded with mixed reactions. While sectors such as FMCG and consumer goods have gained due to increased disposable income, infrastructure firms have seen some declines due to concerns over project execution.

  4. How does the budget support MSMEs and startups?
    The reclassification of MSMEs allows businesses to access more credit and grow their operations. The new ₹10,000 crore Fund of Funds for startups will further boost innovation and entrepreneurship.

  5. Is the fiscal deficit a cause for concern?
    The fiscal deficit is projected at 4.4% of GDP, which is a reduction from the previous year. While this is a positive step toward fiscal consolidation, some experts argue that revenue growth might still be constrained.


The Union Budget 2025 presents a mixed bag of opportunities and challenges. While tax reforms and infrastructure spending will spur economic growth, certain sectors feel overlooked. As the government moves forward with implementation, its effectiveness will determine the budget’s true success.


Amisha Vora, Chairperson and Managing Director, PL Capital

“The Budget was a bold and decisive one to spur economic growth by reviving consumption. With no income tax on income up to 12 lakh, the Budget has ensured that the middle class has more disposable income in its hands. This is positive for sectors like consumer durables, travel, tourism, auto, jewellery, delivery, and ecommerce. The moderate growth in capital expenditure over revised estimates is still good. Increasing capex in data centers, PLI-led capex, PSU capex, and state-level capex will collectively drive robust growth in the manufacturing sector. At a macro level, India remains one of the world's fastest growing economies. In 2025, investors will make money, albeit at a slower pace. Right stock picking will be key to creating wealth. While other factors like Trump's policy moves, Fed's interest rate decisions and ensuing currency outlook will be important determinant of market moves, I believe Union Budget 2025 has done its job well.”


Tushar Mangl
Tushar Mangl is an energy healer, Vastu expert, and author of Ardika. He writes on finance, investments, mental health, and sustainable living. Follow for insightful content on money, life, and balance.

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